Penn Peer Penn
Penn Peer Penn
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 VINTAGE PENN PEER No 309 LEVELWIND TROLLING REEL $45.00 Time Remaining: 28d 20h 38m Buy It Now for only: $45.00 |
 PENN PEER NO 209 SALTWATER FISHING REEL MADE IN USA LOW RESERVE $21.50 (6 Bids) Time Remaining: 2h 2m |
 Old PENN Senator Surfmaster Longbeach Peer 109 True Temper Ocean City Reels $52.10 (6 Bids) Time Remaining: 3h 43m |
 Vintage Penn Peer Reel no 209 Nice Condition $10.99 Time Remaining: 15h 1m Buy It Now for only: $13.95 |
 Penn Peer 209 Conventional Fishing Reel pics are different reel $24.95 Time Remaining: 19d 34m Buy It Now for only: $24.95 |
 Penn Peer No 309 Penn Peer 309 Penn 309 Penn Peer Penn USA NICE $39.99 (2 Bids) Time Remaining: 16h 41m |
 Penn Peer 209 Reel Excellent Condition $14.99 Time Remaining: 1d 2h 5m |
 Very Nice Penn Peer No 209 Fishing Reel With A Reel Lock Mechanism $32.00 Time Remaining: 4d 4h 32m Buy It Now for only: $32.00 |
 Penn Peer 109 Reel Excellent Condition $16.50 (4 Bids) Time Remaining: 1d 2h 5m |
 Penn Peer No 209 Fishing Reel $14.99 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 5m |
 Vintage Penn Peer No 309 Fishing Reel Works Great $10.99 (2 Bids) Time Remaining: 2d |
 PENN PEER 209 SALTWATER FISHING REEL $25.00 Time Remaining: 4d 1h 7m Buy It Now for only: $25.00 |
 Penn Peer 209 Level Wind Conventional Saltwater Fishing Reel $24.99 Time Remaining: 2d 1h 58m |
 PENN PEER 209 SALTWATER FISHING REEL LIGHTLY USED $15.51 (5 Bids) Time Remaining: 2d 5h 31m |
 2x Penn Peer 209 Levelwind Fishing Reels pair $55.00 Time Remaining: 14d 19h 9m Buy It Now for only: $55.00 |
 Penn Peer No 209 $10.00 Time Remaining: 2d 18h 55m |
 Penn Peer 209 Red Case Conventional Fishing Reel $21.49 (8 Bids) Time Remaining: 2d 19h 5m |
 Penn Jigmaster 500 Peer 209 Delmar 285 Reels Lot of 3 Total Made in USA $20.00 (6 Bids) Time Remaining: 2d 19h 46m |
 VTG 70s PENN PEER USA 209 LEVEL WIND DEEP SEA TROLLING CONVENTIONAL FISHING REEL $44.99 Time Remaining: 7d 14h 10m Buy It Now for only: $44.99 |
 45 1 NEW VINTAGE PENN PARTS 109 PEER MONOFIL 1960 70 MFG $17.99 Time Remaining: 2d 20h 20m Buy It Now for only: $19.99 |
 Penn Peer 209 Red Case Conventional Fishing Reel $9.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 2d 20h 21m |
 Penn Peer 9 part 1 9 plate 2 109 ring handle side NOS $10.49 Time Remaining: 27d 15h Buy It Now for only: $10.49 |
 PENN PEER NO 209 FISHING REEL USED WORKING COND $14.99 Time Remaining: 2d 20h 30m |
 47 1 NEW VINTAGE PENN PARTS 109 PEER MONOFIL 1960 70 MFG $17.99 Time Remaining: 2d 20h 38m Buy It Now for only: $19.99 |
 69 1 NEW VINTAGE PENN PARTS 309 PEER 1960 70 MFG $17.99 Time Remaining: 2d 20h 58m Buy It Now for only: $19.99 |
 Vintage Penn Peer No 209 Salt water fishing reel $19.99 Time Remaining: 6d 21h 47m Buy It Now for only: $19.99 |
 Vintage Penn Peer No 209 MS Level Wind Saltwater Fishing Reel $26.00 (2 Bids) Time Remaining: 2d 23h 50m |
 Penn Peer 309 $25.00 Time Remaining: 3d 1h 49m |
 Penn Peer 209 And 2 Garcia Mitchell 300 Conventional Fish $112.50 Time Remaining: 7d 6h 28m Buy It Now for only: $112.50 |
 Early Vintage Penn Peer 209 level wind reel $15.00 Time Remaining: 3d 2h 6m |
 VINTAGE PENN PEER 209 DARK MAROON FISHING REEL NICE $19.99 Time Remaining: 3d 2h 38m Buy It Now for only: $24.99 |
 Vintage PENN Peer 209 Levelwind Saltwater Fishing Reel Surf Boat w Rod Mount $32.99 (14 Bids) Time Remaining: 3d 3h 39m |
 PENN PEER no209 ORIGINAL BOX ROD CLAMPS PENN REELS MANUAL CATALOG 36B $65.00 Time Remaining: 23d 23h 57m Buy It Now for only: $65.00 |
 PENN 109MF REEL PEER MONOFIL WITH LEVELWIND EXCELLENT USED REEL $6.75 (12 Bids) Time Remaining: 3d 14h 9m |
 Penn Peer 209 levelwinder vintage early version $7.95 Time Remaining: 3d 17h 54m |
 PENN PEER 209 Levelwind FISHING REEL in Box with Paperwork $44.99 Time Remaining: 4d 20h 47m Buy It Now for only: $44.99 |
 Vintage Penn 309 Saltwater Level Wind Conventional Penn Peer Fishing Reel $20.00 Time Remaining: 3d 18h 46m |
 Penn Peer 209 Reel Green Handle Crank $8.99 Time Remaining: 3d 19h 32m |
 Penn Peer 209 MS Reel in Box $37.50 Time Remaining: 8d 5h 31m Buy It Now for only: $37.50 |
 Vintage PENN PEER 309 Bakelite Bait Casting Saltwater Fishing Trolling Reel $19.95 Time Remaining: 3d 22h 4m |
 Penn 309 Peer fishing reel $10.47 (7 Bids) Time Remaining: 4d 1h 7m |
 Penn Peer Monofil 209MS Vintage Rare Beautiful $33.00 Time Remaining: 4d 2h 40m |
 Vintage Penn Peer 209 Fishing Reel Brown w White Handle $32.50 Time Remaining: 9d 6h 36m Buy It Now for only: $32.50 |
 Vintage Penn Peer 309 Fishing Reel $5.00 Time Remaining: 4d 3h 29m |
 PENN PEER 209 LEVEL WIND REEL PRISTINE CONDITION MADE IN USA $20.00 Time Remaining: 4d 11h 54m |
 Excellent Condition Penn Peer 209 Level Wind Reel Conventional Spooled Braid $39.95 Time Remaining: 28d 5h 15m Buy It Now for only: $39.95 |
 PENN PEER 109 BAIT CASTING LEVEL WIND REEL EXCELLENT CONDITION MADE IN USA $20.00 Time Remaining: 4d 11h 55m |
 DISASSEMBLED PENN PEER 209 LEVEL WIND REEL $19.99 Time Remaining: 4d 16h 37m |
 Vintage Penn Peer 209 Fishing Reel Red Good Conditon $25.00 Time Remaining: 4d 18h 40m |
 Minty PENN Peer 109 Levelwind Reel w Spare Pawl Penn 24 109 Dual Green Handle $59.95 Time Remaining: 1d 19h 28m Buy It Now for only: $59.95 |
 Vintage Penn Peer 285 Black Fishing Reel $19.99 Time Remaining: 4d 18h 52m |
 PENN PEER NO209 VINTAGE FISHING REEL $9.95 Time Remaining: 5d 46m |
 VINTAGE PENN SUPER PEER 309M 309 M LEVEL WIND CONVENTIONAL REEL W BOX TOOL BOOK $50.00 Time Remaining: 24d 4h 49m Buy It Now for only: $50.00 |
 Penn Peer Level Wind No 309 red sided reel Excellent fresh water used reel $19.95 Time Remaining: 5d 1h 24m |
 Penn Peer Level Wind No 209 red sided reel Excellent fresh water used reel $19.95 Time Remaining: 5d 1h 24m |
 Vintage PENN PEER 209 Level Wind FISHING REEL $27.99 Time Remaining: 5d 2h 37m |
 Penn Peer 309 Saltwater Fishing Reel $39.99 Time Remaining: 2d 6h 5m Buy It Now for only: $39.99 |
 vintage Penn Peer 109 MF monofil level wind casting reel $2.76 (4 Bids) Time Remaining: 5d 3h 15m |
 Penn Peer 209 Reel $9.99 Time Remaining: 5d 3h 52m |
 Vintage Penn Peer Fishing Reel no 209 FREE SHIPPING $48.00 Time Remaining: 5d 53m Buy It Now for only: $48.00 |
 Penn Peer 309 Combo Star Fire Rod Eagle Claw Downrigger Trolling Wright McGill $24.99 Time Remaining: 5d 20h 26m |
 VINTAGE CLASSIC PENN PEER 109 SALTWATER REEL IN BOX CLEAN FISHING SHORT STAND $9.95 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 5d 21h 52m |
 VINTAGE RED PENN PEER 109 FISHING REEL $14.95 Time Remaining: 5d 22h 23m |
 VINTAGE PENN SUPER PEER 309M 309 M LEVEL WIND CONVENTIONAL REEL W BOX LUBE TOOL+ $65.00 Time Remaining: 24d 4h 41m Buy It Now for only: $65.00 |
 VINTAGE CLASSIC PENN PEER MONOFIL 209M REEL IN BOX CLEAN FISHING NR LEVEL WIND $9.95 Time Remaining: 5d 23h 5m |
 VINTAGE CLASSIC PENN PEER MONOFIL 209MS REEL IN BOX CLEAN FISHING NR NICE $9.95 Time Remaining: 6d 30m |
 Vintage Penn Peer Fishing Reel no 309 FREE SHIPPING $65.00 Time Remaining: 5d 48m Buy It Now for only: $65.00 |
 PENN LOT OF 3 4 0 Senator Penn Peer 209 No160 $29.99 Time Remaining: 6d 49m |
 Vintage PENN PEER 109 LEVEL WIND REEL and FISHING POLE FREE SHIPPING $9.00 Time Remaining: 6d 2h 45m |
 Penn Peer 209 Level Wind Fishing Reel $19.95 Time Remaining: 6d 3h 5m |
 PENN Peer No309 Maroon Conventional Reel Ivory Color Handle USA $44.95 Time Remaining: 18d 5h 53m Buy It Now for only: $44.95 |
 Penn Peer 209 $22.50 Time Remaining: 6d 11h 36m |
 3X PENN PEER 209 LEVELWIND FISHING REELS USED STRONG CLICKERS BOX2 $0.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 8d 19h 4m |
 Penn Peer No 209 Fishing Reel deep sea salt water $49.99 Time Remaining: 25d 2h 46m Buy It Now for only: $49.99 |
 VINTAGE PENN PEER 209MF MonofilementFISHING REEL ORIG BOX WRENCH LUBE $20.00 Time Remaining: 8d 21h 15m |
 Penn Peer 209 Levelwind Conventional Reels made in USA $11.03 (7 Bids) Time Remaining: 3d 3h 31m |
England's Trial by Jury from 9th Century
The English King Ethelred the Unready set up an early legal system through the Wantage Code of Ethelred, one provision of which stated that the twelve leading minor nobles of each small district were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without a bias. These juries differed from the modern sort by being self-informing; instead of getting information through a trial, the jurors were required to investigate the case themselves.
A jury is a group of persons selected from the community that is charged with hearing a legal case and delivering a verdict on it. Juries are used in both civil and criminal cases, and they base their decisions on testimony and other evidence that is presented at trial.
In the 12th century, Henry II took a major step in developing the jury system. Henry II set up a system to resolve land disputes using juries. A jury of twelve free men were assigned to arbitrate in these disputes. Unlike the modern jury, these men were charged with uncovering the facts of the case on their own rather than listening to arguments in court. Henry II also introduced what is now known as the "Grand Jury" through his Assize of Clarendon. Under the assize, a jury of free men was charged with reporting any crimes that they knew of in their hundred to a "justice in eyre," a judge who moved between hundreds on a circuit. A criminal accused by this jury was given a trial by ordeal this sometimes involved tying up the miscreant and putting them in the river. If they floated they were innocent and if they sank they were guilty and killed.
The Church banned participation of clergy in trial by ordeal in 1215. Without the legitimacy of religion, trial by ordeal collapsed. The juries under the assizes began deciding guilt as well as providing accusations. The same year, trial by jury became a pretty explicit right in one of the most influential clauses of Magna Carta, signed by King John. Article 39 of the Magna Carta read: It is translated thus by Lysander Spooner in his Essay on the Trial by Jury: "No free man shall be captured, and or imprisoned, or diseased of his freehold, and or of his liberties, or of his free customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or in any way destroyed, nor will we proceed against him by force or proceed against him by arms, but by the lawful judgement of his peers, and or by the law of the land." Although it says and or by the law of the land, this in no manner can be interpreted as if it were enough to have a positive law, made by the king, to be able to proceed legally against a citizen. The law of the land was the consuetudinary law, based on the customs and consent of John's subjects, and since they did not have Parliament in those times, this meant that neither the king nor the barons could make a law without the consent of the people. According to some sources, in the time of Edward III, by the law of the land had been substituted by due process of law, which in those times was a trial by twelve peers.
During the mid-14th Century, it was forbidden that persons who had sat on the Presenting Jury (i.e., in modern parlance, the Grand Jury) to sit on the trial jury for that crime. 25 Edward III stat 5., c3 (1353). Medieval juries were self-informing, in that individuals were chosen as jurors because they either knew the parties and the facts, or they had the duty to discover them. This spared the government the cost of fact-finding.Over time, English juries became less self-informing and relied more on the trial itself for information on the case. Jurors remained free to investigate cases on their own until the 17th century. The Magna Carta being forgotten after a succession of benevolent reigns (or, more probably, reigns limited by the jury and the barons, and only under the rule of laws that the juries and barons found acceptable), the kings, through the royal judges, began to extend their control over the jury and the kingdom. In David Hume's History of England, he tells something of the powers that the kings had accumulated in the times after the Magna Carta, the prerogatives of the crown and the sources of great power with which these monarchs counted.
The case against William Penn and William Mead in the late seventeenth century illustrated the importance of the jury and its rise to power within the judicial system. Penn and Mead were religious dissenters who were given to preaching in public. Around this time, we British were so suspicious of King Charles II's Catholic leanings that they passed laws against preaching in public. Pennand Mead were arrested, and opponents of the king sought to have Penn and Mead prosecuted and imprisoned, which would have embarrassed the king. The court impaneled a jury and, after both sides presented their case, they retired todeliberate, knowing full well that they were expected to deliver verdicts of guilty. Around this time, the judge had a tremendous amount of power over jurors. A judge could keep jurors until they delivered a verdict desired by thejudge, and in some cases, a judge could lock the jury in a room and deprivethe jurors of food and water and other amenities until they delivered the desired verdict. Several members of the jury led by Edward Bushell, refused to deliver a unanimous guilty verdict. The jury was sent off to deliberate againand again, without food, drink, fire, or tobacco, but it still could not deliver a guilty verdict. It did absolve Mead, but the judge ruled that Mead could not be released because he was charged with conspiring with Penn. Penn, from his cage in the courtroom (Mead likewise was kept in a cage), bellowed that"[i]f not guilty be not a verdict, then you make of the jury and Magna Cartabut a mere nose of wax." The Lord Mayor of London threatened to cut Bushell's throat and the jury was sent away for another night without food or drink.The next morning, it returned with not guilty verdicts again, and the judge imposed a fine on each juror. The jurors refused to pay the fine and were sentto jail. Eight jurors eventually relented, but four did not, and they eventually brought their own case against the court from jail. In what became knownas Bushell's Case, the Court of Common Pleas declared that the punishment of the jurors was illegal and that no jury could be punished for its verdict. Penn and Mead, both of whom were sent to jail after the fiasco, were released when Penn's father paid their fines. The four jurors were released from jail after the decision in Bushell's Case, and their ultimate success helped to establish the power of the jury system in England.
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The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
Copyright © 2010 Paul Hussey. All Rights Reserved.
About the Author
My family tree has been traced back to the early Kings of England from the 7th Century AD. I am also a direct descendent of Sir Christopher Wren which has given me an interest in English History which is great fun to research.
I have recently decided to write articles on my favourite subjects: English Sports, English History, English Icons, English Discoveries and English Inventions. At present I have written over 100 articles which I call "An Englishman's Favourite Bits Of England" in various Volumes. Please visit my fun Blogs page http://Bloggs.Resourcez.Com where I have listed all my fun articles to date.
Copyright © 2010 Paul Hussey. All Rights Reserved.